1, Uara Hydroxyl: 1 karamu o te polyol polymer kei roto te nui o te hydroxyl (-OH) e ōrite ana ki te maha o ngā mirikaramu o KOH, te waeine mgKOH/g.
2, Taurite: te taumaha ngota ngota toharite o tētahi rōpū mahi.
3, Te ihirangi Isocyanate: te ihirangi o te isocyanate i roto i te ngota
4, Taupū Isocyanate: e tohu ana i te nui o te isocyanate i roto i te tauira polyurethane, e tohuhia ana e te reta R.
5. Whakaroa mekameka: E pā ana ki ngā waipiro me ngā amine taumaha-iti ka taea te whakaroa, te whakawhanui, te hanga hononga whatunga ā-wāhi rānei o ngā mekameka ngota.
6. Wāhanga mārō: Ko te wāhanga mekameka i hangaia mā te tauhohenga o te isocyanate, te whakaroa mekameka me te hononga whakawhiti i runga i te mekameka matua o ngā ngota polyurethane, ā, he nui ake te kaha piripono o ēnei rōpū, he nui ake te rōrahi ā-wāhi, ā, he nui ake te pakari.
7, wāhanga ngohengohe: he pai te ngāwari o te mekameka matua o te waro waro polyol, he pai te ngāwari o te mekameka matua o te polyurethane.
8, Tikanga kotahi-taahiraa: e pā ana ki te oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, mekameka toronga me te whakakorikori i konatunatua i te wa kotahi i muri i te werohanga tika ki roto i te pokepokea ai, i te tikanga whakamaroke pāmahana motuhake.
9, Tikanga Prepolymer: Ko te tauhohenga prepolymerization polyol me te diisocyanate oligomer tuatahi, hei whakaputa i te prepolymer polyurethane NCO-based mutunga, ringihia, kātahi ka tauhohenga prepolymer me te mekameka toronga, te whakarite i te tikanga elastomer polyurethane, e kiia nei ko te tikanga prepolymer.
10, Tikanga haurua-prepolymer: ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te tikanga haurua-prepolymer me te tikanga prepolymer ko te tāpirihia o tētahi wāhanga o te polyester polyol, o te polyether polyol rānei ki te prepolymer hei ranunga me te whakaroa mekameka, te whakakorikori, me ētahi atu.
11, Te whakapūtanga werohanga tauhohenga: E mōhiotia ana ko te RIM Whakapūtanga Werohanga Tauhohenga (Reaction Injection Moulding Moulding), ka inehia mā ngā oligomer he iti te taumaha ngota i roto i te āhua wai, ka whakaranua tonutia, ka werohia ki roto i te pokepokea i te wā kotahi, ā, i te tere o te tauhohenga i roto i te kōhao pokepokea, ka tere te piki o te taumaha ngota o te rauemi. He tukanga hei whakaputa i ngā pūmua hou me ngā hanganga rōpū āhuatanga hou i ngā tere tino teitei.
12, Taupū huka: arā, ko te maha o ngā wāhanga wai e whakamahia ana i roto i te 100 wāhanga o te polyether ka tautuhia ko te taupū huka (IF).
13, Tauhohenga pahuka: e pā ana ki te tauhohenga o te wai me te isocyanate hei whakaputa i te urea whakakapi me te tuku i te CO2.
14, Tauhohenga ira: e pā ana ki te hanganga o te tauhohenga carbamate.
15, Wā tiēre: i raro i ētahi tikanga, ka hiahiatia he wā e te rauemi wai hei hanga tiēre.
16, Wā miraka: i te mutunga o te rohe I, ka puta te āhua miraka i roto i te ranunga polyurethane wāhanga wai. Ka kiia tēnei wā ko te wā kirīmi i roto i te whakaputanga o te pahuka polyurethane.
17, Tauwehenga whānui mekameka: e pā ana ki te ōwehenga o te nui o ngā rōpū amino me te hydroxyl (waeine: mo1) i roto i ngā wāhanga whakaroa mekameka (tae atu ki te whakaroa mekameka whakauru) ki te nui o te NCO i roto i te prepolymer, arā, te ōwehenga tau ira (tau ōrite) o te rōpū hauwai hohe ki te NCO.
18, Polyether kore-kūmākū iti: te nuinga mō te whanaketanga PTMG, te utu PPG, te kore-kūmākū kua whakaitihia ki te 0.05mol/kg, tata ki te mahi a te PTMG, mā te whakamahi i te whakakorikori DMC, te momo matua o ngā hua raupapa Bayer Acclaim.
19, whakarewa haukinia ester: me whakaaro te kaha whakarewa me te tere whakarewa i te hanga whakarewa polyurethane, engari me aro te hanga polyurethane i roto i te whakarewa ki te whakaaro ki te taumaha NC0 i roto i te polyurethane. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i ngā whakarewa pēnei i ngā waipiro me ngā waipiro eter e tauhohe ana ki ngā rōpū NCO. Kāore e taea te whakauru i ngā poke pēnei i te wai me te waipiro ki roto i te whakarewa, ā, kāore hoki e taea te whakauru i ngā matū kawakore, ka pakaru te polyurethane.
Kāore e whakaaetia kia mau te wai i roto i te whakarewa ester, ā, kaua hoki e mau ngā waikawa kore utu me ngā waipiro, ka tauhohe ki ngā rōpū NCO. Ko te whakarewa ester e whakamahia ana i roto i te polyurethane me "whakarewa taumata ester ammonia" he tino parakore. Arā, ka tauhohe te whakarewa ki te isocyanate nui rawa, kātahi ka whakatauhia te nui o te isocyanate kāore i tauhohe ki te dibutylamine hei whakamātautau mēnā he pai mō te whakamahi. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te kore e tika te kai o te isocyanate, nā te mea e whakaatu ana ka pau te uara katoa o te isocyanate i roto i te wai i roto i te ester, te waipiro, te waikawa toru, ki te whakaatuhia te maha o ngā karamu o te whakarewa e hiahiatia ana hei kai i te rōpū NCO, he pai te pumau o te uara.
Kāore e whakamahia te isocyanate ōrite i raro i te 2500 hei whakarewa polyurethane.
He nui te pānga o te pōraritanga o te whakarewa ki te tauhohenga o te hanganga kapia. Mēnā he nui ake te pōraritanga, ka puhoi ake te tauhohenga, pērā i te rerekētanga o te toluene me te methyl ethyl ketone e 24 ngā wā, he nui te pōraritanga o tēnei ngota whakarewa, ka taea te hanga hononga hauwai me te rōpū hydroxyl waipiro, ka puhoi ake te tauhohenga.
He pai ake te whiriwhiri i te whakarewa kakara polychlorinated ester, he tere ake te tere o tā rātou tauhohenga i te ester, te ketone, pērā i te xylene. Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa ester me te ketone ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi a te polyurethane peka-rua i te wā hanga. I te hanga paninga, he pai te whiriwhiri i te "whakarewa haukini-grade" i whakahuatia i mua ake nei mō ngā whakaū kua rongoatia.
He kaha te wairewatanga o ngā whakarewa ester, he tere whakapūkara taurite, he iti te paitini, ā, he nui ake te whakamahinga, he nui ake te whakamahinga o te cyclohexanone, he iti ake te kaha wairewatanga o ngā whakarewa hauwaiwaro, he iti ake te whakamahinga ko rātou anake, ā, he nui ake te whakamahinga me ētahi atu whakarewa.
20, Kaihoko pupuhi ā-tinana: ko te kaihoko pupuhi ā-tinana ko ngā pūwero pahuka e hangaia ana mā te whakarerekētanga o te āhua ā-tinana o tētahi matū, arā, mā te whakawhānui i te hau kua pēhia, te whakakorikori o te wai, te whakarewa rānei o te totoka.
21, Ngā kaihopu pupuhi matū: ko ngā kaihopu pupuhi matū ko ērā ka taea te tuku i ngā hau pēnei i te hauhā me te hauota i muri i te whakamahana i te pirau, ā, ka hanga i ngā pūwero angiangi i roto i te hanganga pūmua o te matū.
22, Hononga ā-tinana: kei roto i te mekameka ngohengohe polymer ētahi mekameka mārō, ā, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te mekameka mārō ki te rapa whakamomona i muri i te hononga matū i te pāmahana i raro i te pūwāhi whakangawari, i te pūwāhi rewa rānei.
23, Hononga matū: e pā ana ki te tukanga o te hono i ngā mekameka ngota nui mā roto i ngā hononga matū i raro i te mahi a te mārama, te wera, te irahiko pūngao-tiketike, te kaha miihini, te ultrasound me ngā kaihoko hononga hei hanga i tētahi whatunga, i tētahi āhua hanganga rānei.
24, Taupū huka: ko te maha o ngā wāhanga wai e ōrite ana ki te 100 wāhanga o te polyether e tautuhia ana ko te taupū huka (IF).
25. He aha ngā momo isocyanate e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te hanganga?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. He aha ngā momo isocyanate e whakamahia whānuitia ana? Tuhia te tātai hanganga
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI wairewa, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Te tikanga o TDI-100 me TDI-80?
A: He mea tito te TDI-100 i te toluene diisocyanate me te hanganga 2,4; ko te TDI-80 e pā ana ki te ranunga he mea tito mai i te 80% toluene diisocyanate o te hanganga 2,4 me te 20% o te hanganga 2,6.
28. He aha ngā āhuatanga o te TDI me te MDI i roto i te hanganga o ngā rauemi polyurethane?
A: Te tauhohenga mō te 2,4-TDI me te 2,6-TDI. He maha ngā wā teitei ake te tauhohenga o te 2,4-TDI i tērā o te 2,6-TDI, nā te mea kei tawhiti rawa te NCO tūnga-4 i roto i te 2,4-TDI i te NCO tūnga-2 me te rōpū methyl, ā, kāore he ātete steric, engari ko te NCO o te 2,6-TDI e pāngia ana e te pānga steric o te rōpū ortho-methyl.
He tawhiti ngā rōpū NCO e rua o te MDI, ā, kāore he whakakapinga i te taha, nō reira he nui te mahi a ngā NCO e rua. Ahakoa ka uru tetahi NCO ki te tauhohenga, ka heke te mahi a te toenga NCO, ā, he nui tonu te mahi i te nuinga o te wā. Nō reira, he nui ake te tauhohenga o te prepolymer polyurethane MDI i te prepolymer TDI.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI Ko tēhea o ngā ātete kōwhai te mea pai ake?
A: HDI (nō te diisocyanate aliphatic kōwhai pumau), IPDI (he kapia polyurethane me te pumau whatu pai me te ātete matū, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei hanga kapia polyurethane kore-whakarerekētanga kounga teitei).
30. Te kaupapa o te whakarerekētanga MDI me ngā tikanga whakarerekētanga noa
A: MDI Wai: Kaupapa whakarerekētia: ko te MDI parakore wai he MDI whakarerekētia wai, e wikitoria ana i ētahi ngoikoretanga o te MDI parakore (he totoka i te pāmahana rūma, he rewa ina whakamahia, he maha ngā whakamahana ka pā ki te mahi), ā, ka whakarato hoki i te pūtake mō te whānuitanga o ngā whakarerekētanga hei whakapai ake me te whakapai ake i te mahi o ngā rauemi polyurethane e hangai ana ki te MDI.
Ngā Tikanga:
① MDI wai whakarerekētia o te urethane.
② carbodiimide me te uretonimine MDI wai whakarerekētia.
31. He aha ngā momo polyol polymer e whakamahia whānuitia ana?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. E hia ngā tikanga whakaputa ahumahi mō ngā polyol polyester?
A: Tikanga rewa korehau B, tikanga rewa hau kawe C, tikanga whakatōtō azeotropic
33. He aha ngā hanganga motuhake kei runga i te tuara ngota o te polyester me te polyether polyols?
A: Polyester polyol: He matū waipiro macromolecular kei roto he rōpū ester i te tuarā ngota me te rōpū hydroxyl (-OH) i te rōpū mutunga. Polyether polyols: He polymers, he oligomers rānei kei roto he here ether (-O-) me ngā here mutunga (-Oh) he rōpū amine rānei (-NH2) i roto i te hanganga tuarā o te ngota.
34. He aha ngā momo polyols polyether e ai ki ō rātou āhuatanga?
A: Ngā polyol polyether kaha rawa, ngā polyol polyether kua whakapirihia, ngā polyol polyether ātete mura, ngā polyol polyether whakarerekētia heterocyclic, ngā polyol polytetrahydrofuran.
35. E hia ngā momo polyether noa kei reira, e ai ki te matū tīmatanga?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyol polyether mirumiru mārō, polyol polyether kore mākūkū iti.
36. He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā polyether kua whakarārangihia ki te hydroxy me ngā polyether kua whakarārangihia ki te amine?
Ko ngā polyether aminoterminated he polyoxide allyl ethers e whakakapia ana te pito hydroxyl e tētahi rōpū amine.
37. He aha ngā momo whakakorikori polyurethane e whakamahia whānuitia ana? Ko ēhea ngā momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana?
A: Ngā whakakorikori amine tuatoru, ko ngā momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Ko ngā momo matū whakarewa alkyl, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko: ngā whakakorikori organotin, ka taea te wehewehe ki te stannous octoate, te stannous oleate, me te dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. He aha ngā whakaroa mekameka polyurethane, ngā hononga whakawhiti rānei e whakamahia whānuitia ana?
A: Ngā Polyol (1, 4-butanediol), ngā waipiro alicyclic, ngā waipiro kakara, ngā diamine, ngā waipiro amine (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Te tikanga tauhohenga o ngā isocyanates
A: Ko te tauhohenga o ngā isocyanates ki ngā pūhui hauwai hohe ka puta mai i te pokapū nucleophilic o te ngota pūhui hauwai hohe e whakaeke ana i te ngota waro NCO. Ko te tikanga tauhohenga penei:
40. He aha te pānga o te hanganga o te isocyanate ki te tauhohenga o ngā rōpū NCO?
A: Te irahiko o te rōpū AR: mēnā he rōpū mimiti irahiko te rōpū R, he iti ake te kiato kapua irahiko o te ngota C i roto i te rōpū -NCO, ā, he ngoikore ake ki te whakaekenga a ngā nucleophiles, arā, he māmā ake te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga nucleophiles me ngā waipiro, ngā amines me ētahi atu matū. Mēnā he rōpū kaituku irahiko a R, ā, ka whakawhitia mā roto i te kapua irahiko, ka piki ake te kiato kapua irahiko o te ngota C i roto i te rōpū -NCO, ka iti ake te ngoikore ki te whakaekenga a ngā nucleophiles, ā, ka heke tōna kaha tauhohenga me ngā matū hauwai hohe. B. Pānga whakaoho: Nā te mea kei roto i te diisocyanate kakara e rua ngā rōpū NCO, ina whai wāhi te ira -NCO tuatahi ki te tauhohenga, nā te pānga honohono o te mowhiti kakara, ka whai wāhi te rōpū -NCO kāore e whai wāhi ki te tauhohenga hei rōpū mimiti irahiko, kia kaha ake ai te mahi tauhohenga o te rōpū NCO tuatahi, arā, ko te pānga whakaoho. C. pānga steric: I roto i ngā ngota diisocyanate kakara, mēnā kei roto i te mowhiti kakara e rua ngā rōpū -NCO i te wā kotahi, he nui ake te awe o tētahi rōpū NCO ki te tauhohenga o tētahi atu rōpū NCO. Heoi, ina kei roto i ngā mowhiti kakara rerekē ngā rōpū NCO e rua i roto i te ngota kotahi, ina wehea rānei e ngā mekameka hauwaiwaro, e ngā mowhiti kakara rānei, he iti te taunekeneke i waenganui i a rāua, ā, ka heke iho i te pikinga o te roa o te mekameka hauwaiwaro, i te pikinga rānei o te maha o ngā mowhiti kakara.
41. Ngā momo pūhui hauwai hohe me te tauhohenga NCO
A: NH2 Ārai> Rōpū kakara Bozui OH> Wai > OH Tuarua> Phenol OH> Rōpū Carboxyl > Urea whakakapia > Amido> Carbamate. (Mēnā he teitei ake te kiato o te kapua irahiko o te pokapū nucleophilic, he kaha ake te electronegativity, ā, he teitei ake te mahi tauhohenga me te isocyanate, ā, he tere ake te tere tauhohenga; ki te kore, he iti te mahi.)
42. Te awe o ngā pūhui hydroxyl ki tā rātou tauhohenga ki ngā isocyanates
A: Ko te tauhohenga o ngā pūhui hauwai hohe (ROH, RNH2 rānei) e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o R, ina he rōpū tango-irahiko a R (iti te irahiko), he uaua ki te whakawhiti i ngā ngota hauwai, ā, he uaua ake te tauhohenga i waenga i ngā pūhui hauwai hohe me te NCO; Mena he whakakapinga tuku-irahiko a R, ka taea te whakapai ake i te tauhohenga o ngā pūhui hauwai hohe me te NCO.
43. He aha te whakamahinga o te tauhohenga isocyanate ki te wai?
A: Ko tētahi o ngā tauhohenga taketake o te whakarite i te pahuka polyurethane. Ko te tauhohenga i waenganui i a rāua ka puta tuatahi he waikawa karāmariki kore pumau, ka pakaru ki te CO2 me ngā amine, ā, ki te nui rawa te isocyanate, ka tauhohe te amine hua ki te isocyanate hei hanga i te urea.
44. I te whakaritenga o ngā elastomers polyurethane, me tino whakahaere te nui o te wai o ngā polyols polymer.
A: Kāore e hiahiatia he mirumiru i roto i ngā elastomers, ngā paninga me ngā muka, nō reira me tino whakahaere te nui o te wai i roto i ngā rauemi mata, he iti iho i te 0.05%.
45. Ngā rerekētanga o ngā pānga whakateretere o ngā whakateretere amine me te tine ki ngā tauhohenga isocyanate
A: He tino pai te mahi a ngā whakakorikori amine tuatoru mō te tauhohenga o te isocyanate ki te wai, ko ngā whakakorikori tine ia he tino pai te mahi a ngā whakakorikori tine mō te tauhohenga o te isocyanate me te rōpū hydroxyl.
46. He aha te take e taea ai te kī he poraka pūhui te kapia polyurethane, ā, he aha ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga mekameka?
Whakautu: Nā te mea he wāhanga mārō, he wāhanga ngohengohe hoki te wāhanga mekameka o te kapia polyurethane, ko te wāhanga mārō e pā ana ki te wāhanga mekameka i hangaia e te tauhohenga o te isocyanate, te whakaroa mekameka me te hononga whakawhiti i runga i te mekameka matua o ngā ngota polyurethane, ā, he nui ake te kaha piripono o ēnei rōpū, he nui ake te rahinga wāhi me te pakari ake. Ko te wāhanga ngohengohe e pā ana ki te polyol mekameka matua waro-waro, he pai te ngāwari, ā, he wāhanga ngāwari i roto i te mekameka matua polyurethane.
47. He aha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi polyurethane?
A: Pūngao piripono rōpū, here hauwai, tioata, tohu hononga whakawhiti, taumaha ngota ngota, wāhanga mārō, wāhanga ngohengohe.
48. He aha ngā rauemi mata o ngā wāhanga ngohengohe me ngā wāhanga mārō o te mekameka matua o ngā rauemi polyurethane?
A: Ko te wāhanga ngohengohe he mea tito mai i ngā polyol oligomer (polyester, polyether diols, me ētahi atu), ā, ko te wāhanga mārō he mea tito mai i ngā polyisocyanates, i te whakakotahitanga rānei me ngā whakaroa mekameka ngota iti.
49. He aha te pānga o ngā wāhanga ngohengohe me ngā wāhanga mārō ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi polyurethane?
A: Wāhanga ngohengohe: (1) Te taumaha ngota o te wāhanga ngohengohe: ki te whakaarohia he rite te taumaha ngota o te polyurethane, ki te mea he polyester te wāhanga ngohengohe, ka piki ake te kaha o te polyurethane me te pikinga o te taumaha ngota o te polyester diol; Ki te mea he polyether te wāhanga ngohengohe, ka heke te kaha o te polyurethane me te pikinga o te taumaha ngota o te polyether diol, engari ka piki ake te roa. (2) Te tioata o te wāhanga ngohengohe: He nui ake tana takoha ki te tioata o te wāhanga mekameka polyurethane raina. I te nuinga o te wā, he pai te tioata hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā hua polyurethane, engari i ētahi wā ka whakaitihia e te tioata te ngāwari o te rauemi i te pāmahana iti, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pōuri te polymer tioata.
Wāhanga mārō: Ko te wāhanga mekameka mārō te tikanga ka pā ki te pāmahana whakangawari me te rewa me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei o te pūmua. Kei roto i ngā pūmua polyurethane i hangaia e ngā isocyanate kakara he mowhiti kakara mārō, nō reira ka piki ake te kaha o te pūmua i roto i te wāhanga mārō, ā, he nui ake te kaha o te rauemi i te kaha o ngā polyurethane isocyanate aliphatic, engari he ngoikore te ātete ki te pirau ultraviolet, ā, he ngāwari ki te kōwhai. Kāore ngā polyurethane aliphatic e kōwhai.
50. Whakarōpūtanga pahuka polyurethane
A: (1) pahuka mārō me te pahuka ngohengohe, (2) pahuka kiato teitei me te pahuka kiato iti, (3) momo polyester, pahuka momo polyether, (4) pahuka momo TDI, pahuka momo MDI, (5) pahuka polyurethane me te pahuka polyisocyanurate, (6) tikanga kotahi-taahiraa me te tikanga whakaputa prepolymerization, tikanga tonu me te whakaputa wā poto, (8) pahuka poraka me te pahuka whakarewa.
51. Ngā tauhohenga taketake i roto i te whakarite pahuka
A: E pā ana ki te tauhohenga o te -NCO me te -OH, -NH2 me te H2O, ā, i te wā e tauhohe ana ki ngā polyol, ko te "tauhohenga tiēre" i roto i te tukanga pahuka e pā ana ki te tauhohenga hanganga o te carbamate. Nā te mea he maha ngā mahi a te rauemi mata pahuka, ka puta he whatunga honohono, ka taea ai e te pūnaha pahuka te tere te tiēre.
Ka puta te tauhohenga pahuka i roto i te pūnaha pahuka me te aroaro o te wai. Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te "tauhohenga pahuka" e pā ana ki te tauhohenga o te wai me te isocyanate hei whakaputa i te urea whakakapinga me te tuku i te CO2.
52. Te tikanga whakatupu o ngā mirumiru
Ka tauhohe te rauemi mata i roto i te wai, ka whakawhirinaki rānei ki te pāmahana i puta mai i te tauhohenga hei whakaputa i tētahi matū hau me te whakapūpū i te hau. I te haere tonu o te tauhohenga me te whakaputanga o te nui o te wera tauhohenga, ka piki haere tonu te nui o ngā matū hau me te whakapūpū. Ina piki ake te kukū o te hau i tua atu i te kukū mātotoru, ka tīmata te hanga o tētahi mirumiru pumau i roto i te wāhanga otinga, ā, ka piki ake.
53. Te mahi a te whakaū pahuka i roto i te whakarite i te pahuka polyurethane
A: He pānga emulsification tōna, kia pai ake ai te wairewatanga i waenga i ngā wāhanga o te rauemi pahuka; Whai muri i te tāpiri o te silicone surfactant, nā te mea ka tino whakaitihia te taumahatanga mata γ o te wai, ka whakaitihia te kaha kore utu e hiahiatia ana mō te horapa o te hau, kia nui ake ai te tūponotanga o te hau e marara ana i roto i te rauemi mata ki te hanga i te pūhui i te wā o te tukanga whakaranu, ka whai wāhi ki te hanga o ngā mirumiru iti me te whakapai ake i te pumau o te pahuka.
54. Tikanga pumau o te pahuka
A: Mā te tāpiri o ngā matū horoi e tika ana ka pai ake te hanganga o te mararatanga o ngā mirumiru.
55. Te tikanga hanga o te pahuka pūtau tuwhera me te pahuka pūtau kati
A: Te tikanga hanga o te pahuka pūtau-tuwhera: I te nuinga o te wā, ina he nui te pēhanga i roto i te mirumiru, kāore te kaha o te pakitara mirumiru i hangaia e te tauhohenga ira e teitei, ā, kāore e taea e te kiriata pakitara te tu atu i te totoro i puta mai i te pikinga o te pēhanga hau, ka kumea te kiriata pakitara mirumiru, ā, ka mawhiti te hau i te pakaru, ka hanga he pahuka pūtau-tuwhera.
Te tikanga hanga pahuka pūtau-kati: Mō te pūnaha mirumiru mārō, nā te tauhohenga o ngā polyol polyether me te taumaha ngota maha-mahi me te iti ki te polyisocyanate, he tere te tere o te tiēre, ā, kāore e taea e te hau i roto i te mirumiru te pakaru i te pakitara mirumiru, ā, ka hangaia te pahuka pūtau-kati.
56. Te tikanga pahuka o te kaihoko pahuka ā-tinana me te kaihoko pahuka matū
A: Pūnga pupuhi ā-tinana: Ko te pūnga pupuhi ā-tinana ko ngā pūwero pahuka e hangaia ana mā te whakarerekētanga o te āhua ā-tinana o tētahi matū, arā, mā te whakawhanuitanga o te hau kua pēhia, te whakakorikori o te wai, te whakarewa rānei o te totoka.
Ngā kaihopu pupuhi matū: Ko ngā kaihopu pupuhi matū he matū e tuku ana i ngā hau pērā i te hauhā me te hauota ina pirau i te wera, ka hanga i ngā pūwero angiangi i roto i te hanganga pūmua.
57. Tikanga whakarite mō te pahuka polyurethane ngohengohe
A: Tikanga kotahi-taahiraa me te tikanga prepolymer
Tikanga Prepolymer: arā, ka hangaia te polyol polyether me te tauhohenga TDI taikaha hei prepolymer kei roto he rōpū NCO kore utu, kātahi ka konatunatua ki te wai, te whakakorikori, te whakaū, me ētahi atu, hei hanga pahuka. Tikanga kotahi-taahiraa: Ka konatunatua tika ngā momo rauemi mata ki roto i te pane whakaranu mā te tatau, ā, ka hangaia he taahiraa mai i te pahuka, ka taea te wehewehe ki te haere tonu me te wā poto.
58. Ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka whakapae me te pahuka poutū
Tikanga pereti pēhanga taurite: e tohuhia ana mā te whakamahi i te pepa o runga me te pereti uhi o runga. Tikanga awaawa tāpua: e tohuhia ana mā te whakamahi i te awaawa tāpua me te pereti taunga whitiki kawe.
Ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka poutū: ka taea te whakamahi i te rere iti hei hanga i tētahi horahanga whakawhiti nui o ngā poraka pahuka, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he mīhini pahuka whakapae hei hanga i te wāhanga kotahi o te poraka, ko te taumata rere e 3 ki te 5 ngā wā he nui ake i te pahuka poutū; Nā te nui o te wāhanga whakawhiti o te poraka pahuka, kāore he kiri o runga me o raro, ā, he angiangi hoki te kiri o te taha, nō reira ka tino whakaitihia te ngaronga tapahi. He iti te wāhi e kapi ana i ngā taputapu, ko te teitei o te tipu he 12 ~ 13m pea, ā, he iti iho te utu haumi o te tipu me ngā taputapu i te tukanga pahuka whakapae; He ngāwari te whakakapi i te hopper me te tauira hei hanga i ngā tinana pahuka porotaka, tapawhā rānei, inā koa ngā pire pahuka porowhita mō te tapahi hurihuri.
59. Ngā kaupapa matua o te whiriwhiri rauemi mata mō te whakarite pahuka ngohengohe
A: Polyol: Ko te polyol polyether mō te pahuka poraka noa, ko te taumaha ngota ko te 3000 ~ 4000, ko te nuinga ko te polyether triol. Ko te polyether triol me te taumaha ngota o te 4500 ~ 6000 e whakamahia ana mō te pahuka manawanui teitei. Mēnā ka piki ake te taumaha ngota, ka piki ake te kaha kume, te roa me te manawanui o te pahuka. Ka heke te tauhohenga o ngā polyether rite. Mēnā ka piki ake te tohu mahi o te polyether, ka tere ake te tauhohenga, ka piki ake te tohu hononga o te polyurethane, ka piki ake te pakeke o te pahuka, ka heke hoki te roa. Isocyanate: Ko te rauemi mata isocyanate o te pahuka poraka ngohengohe polyurethane ko te toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Ko te mahi iti o te TDI-65 ka whakamahia anake mō te pahuka polyurethane polyester, te pahuka polyether motuhake rānei. Kaiwhakakorikori: Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā painga whakatere o te pahuka pahuka ngohengohe papatipu ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ko tētahi ko ngā matū organometallic, ko te stannous caprylate te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana; Ko tētahi atu momo ko ngā amine tuatoru, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Whakapūmau pahuka: I roto i te pahuka papatipu polyurethane polyester, ko ngā surfactants kore-silicon te nuinga e whakamahia ana, ā, i roto i te pahuka papatipu polyether, ko te copolymer olefin organosilica-oxidized te nuinga e whakamahia ana. Kaihoko pahuka: I te nuinga o te wā, ko te wai anake ka whakamahia hei kaihoko pahuka ina nui ake te matotoru o ngā mirumiru poraka ngohengohe polyurethane i te 21 kg ia mita pūtoru; Ko ngā matū iti te kohua pērā i te methylene chloride (MC) ka whakamahia hei kaihoko pupuhi āwhina i roto i ngā hanganga iti te matotoru.
60. Te awe o ngā āhuatanga taiao ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā pahuka poraka
A: Te pānga o te pāmahana: ka tere ake te tauhohenga huka o te polyurethane i te pikinga o te pāmahana o te rauemi, ka puta ai te mōrearea o te wera o te matua me te ahi i roto i ngā hanganga tairongo. Te awe o te haumākū o te hau: I te pikinga o te haumākū, nā te tauhohenga o te rōpū isocyanate i roto i te pahuka me te wai i roto i te hau, ka heke te pakeke o te pahuka, ka piki ake te roa. Ka piki ake te kaha kume o te pahuka me te pikinga o te rōpū urea. Te pānga o te pēhanga hauātea: Mō te tauira kotahi, i te wā e pahuka ana i te teitei teitei, ka tino heke te mātotoru.
61. Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i te pūnaha rauemi mata e whakamahia ana mō te pahuka ngohengohe matao me te pahuka wera
A: He nui te tauhohenga o ngā rauemi mata e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga whakarewa makariri, ā, kāore he take mō te whakamahana o waho i te wā e whakamahana ana, i runga i te wera e whakaputaina ana e te pūnaha, ka taea te whakaoti i te tauhohenga whakamahana i roto i te wā poto, ā, ka taea te tuku i te pokepokea ai i roto i ētahi meneti i muri i te werohanga o ngā rauemi mata. He iti te tauhohenga o te pahuka hanga whakarewa wera o te rauemi mata, ā, me whakamahana te ranunga tauhohenga me te pokepokea ai i muri i te pahuka i roto i te pokepokea ai, ā, ka taea te tuku i te hua pahuka i muri i tōna pakari katoa i roto i te awa tunu.
62. He aha ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka ngohengohe i whakarewahia-matao ki te pahuka i whakarewahia-wera?
A: ① Kāore e hiahiatia he wera o waho mō te tukanga whakaputa, ā, ka taea te penapena i te nui o te wera; ② He nui te tauwehenga totohu (ōwehenga takahuri), he pai te mahi whakamarie; ③ He nui te tere whakahokinga; ④ He āhuatanga ārai mura anō hoki te pahuka kāore he ārai mura; ⑤ He poto te huringa whakaputa, ka taea te penapena i te pokepokea ai, ka taea te penapena utu.
63. Ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o te mirumiru ngohengohe me te mirumiru mārō
A: Ngā āhuatanga o ngā mirumiru ngohengohe: Ko te hanganga pūtau o ngā mirumiru ngohengohe polyurethane he tuwhera te nuinga. I te nuinga o te wā, he iti te kiato, he pai te whakaora i te rapa, he pai te mimiti oro, he pai te uruhanga o te hau, he pai te tiaki wera me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ngā Whakamahinga: E whakamahia ana mō ngā taonga whare, ngā rauemi urunga, ngā rauemi urunga nohoanga waka, ngā momo rauemi hiato whakakī ngohengohe, ngā pahuka ngohengohe ahumahi me te ā-iwi, ā, e whakamahia ana hoki hei rauemi tātari, rauemi whakamarumaru oro, rauemi ātete-ru, rauemi whakapaipai, rauemi tākai me ngā rauemi whakamarumaru wera.
Ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka mārō: he māmā te pahuka polyurethane, he kaha motuhake teitei, ā, he pai te pumau o ngā āhuatanga; he pai ake te mahi whakamahana o te pahuka mārō polyurethane. He kaha te piri; he pai te mahi tawhito, he roa te ora ratonga adiabatic; he pai te rere o te ranunga tauhohenga, ā, ka taea te whakakī i te kōhao, i te wāhi rānei o te āhua uaua. He nui te tauhohenga o te rauemi mata o te hanga pahuka mārō polyurethane, ka taea te tere te whakamaroke, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te tino pai me te whakaputa papatipu i roto i te wheketere.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Hei rauemi whakamahana mō ngā pouaka whakamātao, ngā pouaka tio, ngā ipu pouaka whakamātao, te rokiroki matao, te whakamahana mō ngā paipa hinu me te wai wera, te whakamahana mō ngā pakitara me te tuanui o te whare, te papa hanawiti whakamahana, me ētahi atu.
64. Ngā kaupapa matua o te hoahoa tauira mirumiru mārō
A: Ngā Polyol: Ko ngā polyol polyether e whakamahia ana mō ngā hanganga pahuka mārō he nui te kaha, he nui te uara hydroxyl (iti te taumaha ngota) polyols polypropylene oxide; Isocyanate: I tēnei wā, ko te isocyanate e whakamahia ana mō ngā mirumiru mārō ko te polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko PAPI), arā, ko te MDI mata me te MDI polymerized; Ngā kaihoko pupuhi: (1) Kaihoko pupuhi CFC (2) Kaihoko pupuhi HCFC me te HFC (3) kaihoko pupuhi pentane (4) wai; Whakapūmau pahuka: Ko te whakapūmau pahuka e whakamahia ana mō te hanganga pahuka mārō polyurethane he polymer poraka o te polydimethylsiloxane me te polyoxolefin. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā whakapūmau pahuka he momo Si-C; Whakapūmau: Ko te whakapūmau o te hanganga mirumiru mārō ko te amine tuatoru, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakapūmau organotin i ngā wā motuhake; Ētahi atu tāpiri: E ai ki ngā whakaritenga me ngā matea o ngā whakamahinga rerekē o ngā hua pahuka mārō polyurethane, ka taea te tāpiri i ngā ārai mura, ngā kaihoko whakatuwhera, ngā aukati paoa, ngā kaihoko ārai-pakeketanga, ngā kaihoko ārai-haumanu, ngā kaihoko whakapakeke me ētahi atu tāpiringa ki te tātai.
65. Te kaupapa whakarite pahuka kiri katoa
A: Ko te pahuka kiri whakauru (ISF), e mōhiotia ana ko te pahuka kiri-whaiaro (huka kiri-whaiaro), he pahuka kirihou e whakaputa ana i tōna ake kiri matotoru i te wā e hangaia ana.
66. Ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o ngā elastomers polyurethane microporous
A: Ngā Āhuatanga: Ko te elastomer polyurethane he poraka polymer, ko te tikanga he mea hanga mai i te oligomer polyol ngāwari mekameka roa ngohengohe wāhanga, diisocyanate me te mekameka toronga hei hanga i te wāhanga mārō, te wāhanga mārō me te wāhanga ngāwari whakaritenga tauutuutu, ka hanga he wae hanganga auau. Haunga te pupuri i ngā rōpū haukini ester, ka taea e te polyurethane te hanga hononga hauwai i roto me waenganui i ngā ngota, ā, ka taea e ngā wāhanga ngohengohe me ngā wāhanga mārō te hanga rohe moroiti me te whakaputa wehenga moroiti.
67. He aha ngā āhuatanga matua o te mahi a ngā elastomers polyurethane?
A: Ngā āhuatanga mahi: 1, he kaha teitei me te ngāwari, ka taea te pupuri i te ngāwari teitei i roto i te whānuitanga o te pakeke (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75); I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te pakeke iti e hiahiatia ana me te kore he plasticizer, no reira kāore he raruraru i puta mai i te hekenga plasticizer; 2, i raro i te pakeke kotahi, he nui ake te kaha kawe i ētahi atu elastomers; 3, he ātete kakahu pai rawa atu, ko tōna ātete kakahu he 2 ki te 10 ngā wā i te rapa maori; 4. He ātete hinu me te matū pai rawa atu; He ātete ki te hihi polyurethane kakara; He ātete hāora pai rawa atu me te ātete ozone; 5, he ātete pānga teitei, he ātete ngenge pai me te ātete ru, he pai mō ngā tono piko auau teitei; 6, he pai te ngāwari pāmahana iti; 7, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te polyurethane noa i runga ake i te 100 ℃, engari ko te whakamahinga o te tauira motuhake ka taea te tu atu i te pāmahana teitei 140 ℃; 8, he iti noa ngā utu hanga me te tukatuka.
68. Ka whakarōpūtia ngā elastomers polyurethane kia rite ki ngā polyols, isocyanates, ngā tukanga hanga, me ētahi atu.
A: 1. E ai ki te rauemi mata o te oligomer polyol, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā polyurethane elastomers ki te momo polyester, te momo polyether, te momo polyolefin, te momo polycarbonate, me ētahi atu. Ka taea te wehewehe i te momo polyether ki te momo polytetrahydrofuran me te momo polypropylene oxide e ai ki ngā momo motuhake; 2. E ai ki te rerekētanga o te diisocyanate, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā elastomers aliphatic me te kakara, ka wehea ki te momo TDI, momo MDI, momo IPDI, momo NDI me ētahi atu momo; Mai i te tukanga hanga, ka wehea ngā polyurethane elastomers ki ngā wāhanga e toru: te momo maka (CPU), te thermoplasticity (TPU) me te momo whakaranu (MPU).
69. He aha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā elastomers polyurethane mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga ngota?
A: Mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga ngota, ko te elastomer polyurethane he poraka polymer, ko te nuinga o te wā he mea hanga mai i ngā polyol oligomer he wāhanga ngohengohe mekameka roa ngāwari, he diisocyanate me te mekameka whakaroa hei hanga i tētahi wāhanga mārō, he wāhanga mārō me te wāhanga ngohengohe, hei hanga i tētahi hanganga hanganga auau. Haunga te pupuri i ngā rōpū ester ammonia, ka taea e te polyurethane te hanga hononga hauwai i roto me waenganui i ngā ngota, ā, ka taea e ngā wāhanga ngohengohe me ngā wāhanga mārō te hanga rohe āhua-iti me te whakaputa wehenga āhua-iti. Nā ēnei āhuatanga hanganga ka pai te ātete me te pakari o ngā elastomer polyurethane, e mōhiotia ana ko te "rapa ātete-mau".
70. Te rerekētanga mahi i waenga i te momo polyester noa me te momo polytetrahydrofuran ether elastomers
A: He nui ake ngā rōpū ester polar (-COO-) kei roto i ngā ngota polyester, ka taea e ēnei te hanga hononga hauwai kaha i roto i ngā ngota ngota, nō reira he kaha teitei te polyurethane polyester, he ātete ki te kakahu me te hinu.
He pai te pumau o te elastomer i hangaia mai i ngā polyol polyether ki te waikura, te ātete ki te huarere, te ngāwari ki te pāmahana iti, me te ātete ki te pokepokea ai. Pūtake tuhinga/Rangahau ako polymer
Wā tuku: Hanuere-17-2024